Kupanga vinyo kwakhala kulipo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.M'mawonekedwe ake, kupanga vinyo ndizochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimafuna kulowererapo kochepa kwaumunthu.Mayi Nature amapereka zonse zofunika kuti vinyo;zili kwa anthu kukometsera, kuwongolera, kapena kuchotseratu zomwe chilengedwe chapereka, zomwe aliyense wodziwa kulawa vinyo angatsimikizire.
Pali magawo asanu kapena masitepe opangira vinyo: kukolola, kuphwanya ndi kukanikiza, kuwira, kumveketsa bwino, kenako kukalamba ndi kuyika mabotolo.
Zokolola
Kukolola kapena kutola ndi sitepe yoyamba mukupanga vinyo weniweni.Popanda zipatso sipakanakhala vinyo, ndipo palibe zipatso zina kusiyapo mphesa zomwe zingatulutse chaka chilichonse shuga wodalirika kuti atulutse mowa wokwanira kuti asunge chakumwacho, komanso alibe zipatso zina ndi zidulo, esters ndi tannins zofunika kupanga vinyo wachilengedwe, wokhazikika pa. maziko okhazikika.Pachifukwa ichi ndi khamu zambiri, opanga vinyo ambiri amavomereza kuti vinyo amapangidwa m'munda wamphesa, mophiphiritsira.Kupanga vinyo wabwino kumafuna kuti mphesa zikololedwe panthawi yake, makamaka ikakhwima.Kuphatikiza kwa sayansi ndi kukoma kwachikale nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kudziwa nthawi yokolola, alangizi, opanga vinyo, oyang'anira minda ya mpesa, ndi eni ake onse ali ndi zonena zawo.Kukolola kungathe kuchitidwa ndi makina kapena pamanja.Komabe, minda yambiri imakonda kukolola pamanja, chifukwa zokolola zamakina nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba kwambiri pamphesa ndi m'munda wamphesa.Mphesa zikafika pamalo opangira mphesa, opanga vinyo odziwika bwino amasankha mphesazo, ndikudula zipatso zowola kapena zosakhwima asanaziphwanye.
Kuphwanya ndi Kupondereza
Kuphwanya masango onse a mphesa zakupsa mwamwambo ndi gawo lotsatira popanga vinyo.Masiku ano, makina ophwanya mphesa amachita mwambo wodziwika bwino woponda kapena kuponda mphesa zomwe zimatchedwa kuti ziyenera.Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, anali amuna ndi akazi amene ankavina zokolola mu migolo ndi zosindikizira anayamba kusintha madzi mphesa zamatsenga kuwala dzuwa ndi madzi anasonkhana pamodzi masango zipatso kwa wathanzi kwambiri ndi zachinsinsi chakumwa zonse - vinyo.Mofanana ndi china chilichonse m’moyo, kusintha kumaphatikizapo zinazake zotayika ndiponso zimene wapeza.Pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira, chikondi ndi miyambo yambiri yathera pamenepa, koma munthu sayenera kulira motalika chifukwa cha phindu lalikulu la ukhondo limene limabweretsa popanga vinyo.Kukanikiza kwamakina kwathandizanso kuti vinyo akhale wabwino komanso kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali, kwinaku akuchepetsa kufunikira kwa opanga vinyo kuti asungire zosungira.Nditanena zonsezi, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti si vinyo onse omwe amayamba moyo wophwanyidwa.Nthawi zina, opanga vinyo amasankha kulola kuwira kuti kuyambike mkati mwa masango a mphesa osaphwanyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kulemera kwachilengedwe kwa mphesa ndi kuyamba kwa kuwira kuphulika zikopa za mphesazo musanakanikize masango osaphwanyika.
Mpaka kuphwanya ndi kukanikiza masitepe opangira vinyo woyera ndi vinyo wofiira ndizofanana.Komabe, ngati wopanga vinyo akufuna kupanga vinyo woyera, amakankhira mwamsanga pambuyo pophwanya kuti alekanitse madzi ndi zikopa, mbewu, ndi zolimba.Pochita izi mtundu wosafunikira (womwe umachokera ku khungu la mphesa, osati madzi) ndipo tannins sangathe kulowa mu vinyo woyera.Kwenikweni, vinyo woyera amaloledwa kukhudzana pang'ono pakhungu, pomwe vinyo wofiira amasiyidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zikopa zake kuti apangitse mtundu, kukoma, ndi ma tannins owonjezera panthawi yowitsa, yomwe ndi sitepe yotsatira.
Kuwira
Kuwotchera ndi matsenga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vinyo.Ngati atasiyidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito, madziwo ayamba kufufuma mwachilengedwe mkati mwa maola 6-12 mothandizidwa ndi yisiti yakuthengo mumlengalenga.Mu ukhondo kwambiri, wokhazikika wineries ndi minda ya mpesa izi nayonso mphamvu zachilengedwe ndi olandiridwa chodabwitsa.Komabe, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, winemakers ambiri amakonda kulowererapo pa siteji inoculating zachilengedwe ayenera.Izi zikutanthauza kuti adzapha yisiti zakutchire komanso nthawi zina zosayembekezereka za yisiti ndikuyambitsa mtundu wa yisiti wosankha kuti athe kuneneratu momveka bwino zotsatira zake.Mosasamala kanthu za njira yosankhidwa, kuwira kukayamba, kumapitirira mpaka shuga onse asinthidwa kukhala mowa ndipo vinyo wouma amapangidwa.Kuwotchera kungafune kulikonse kuyambira masiku khumi mpaka mwezi umodzi kapena kuposerapo.Mulingo wotsatira wa mowa mu vinyo umasiyana kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga komwe kumafunikira.Mowa wa 10% m'malo ozizira ndi okwera 15% m'malo otentha amaonedwa ngati abwino.Vinyo wotsekemera amapangidwa pamene fermentation imasiya shuga onse asanasanduke mowa.Ichi nthawi zambiri chimakhala choganiza, chosankha mwadala pa mbali ya winemaker.
Kufotokozera
Kuwotchera kukatsirizika, ndondomeko yowunikira imayamba.Opanga vinyo ali ndi mwayi wokankhira kapena kuponya vinyo wawo kuchokera ku tanki imodzi kapena mbiya kupita kwina ndi chiyembekezo chosiya madzi ndi zolimba zomwe zimatchedwa pomace pansi pa thanki yowira.Kusefa ndi kulipitsidwa kungathenso kuchitika panthawiyi.Kusefera kutha kuchitika ndi chilichonse kuyambira pasefa yamaphunziro yomwe imagwira zolimba zazikulu zokha mpaka papepala losabala lomwe limachotsa vinyo wamoyo wonse.Kuwongolera kumachitika pamene zinthu zimawonjezeredwa ku vinyo kuti zimveke bwino.Nthawi zambiri, opanga mavinyo amawonjezera mazira azungu, dongo, kapena zinthu zina ku vinyo zomwe zimathandizira kutulutsa maselo a yisiti akufa ndi zolimba zina kuchokera mu vinyo.Zinthuzi zimamatira ku zinthu zolimba zosafunikira ndikuzikakamiza pansi pa thanki.Vinyo wowongoleredwayo amamuthira m’chotengera china, mmene ali wokonzeka kuikidwa m’botolo kapena kukalamba.
Kukalamba ndi Bottling
Gawo lomaliza la kupanga vinyo likukhudza kukalamba ndi kuyikamo vinyo.Pambuyo pofotokozera, wopanga vinyo ali ndi mwayi wosankha kutsanulira vinyo nthawi yomweyo, zomwe ndizochitika kwa ambiri ogulitsa.Kukalamba kwina kutha kuchitidwa mu botolo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kapena matanki a ceramic, ma ovals akulu amatabwa, kapena migolo yaying'ono, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa barriques.Zosankha ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo lomaliza la ndondomekoyi ndizosatha, monganso zotsatira zake.Komabe, chotsatira chofala muzochitika zonse ndi vinyo.Sangalalani!
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-13-2023